Self-Defence Under Nigerian Law: When Can You Use Force?

Self-defence may protect a person from criminal liability where force is reasonably necessary to stop an immediate and unlawful threat to life, safety, another person or, in limited situations, property. The response must be necessary and proportionate to the danger faced. A person who continues to attack after the threat has ended, or uses clearly excessive force, may still face criminal charges. The facts of each case matter, including who started the confrontation, whether there was an imminent threat and whether there was a safe alternative. Force that causes serious injury or death may only be justified where it was reasonably necessary to prevent an immediate threat of serious harm or death. Setting traps or retaliating after an attacker has been disarmed or has left may not qualify as self-defence. Nigerian courts assess self-defence on the specific evidence available. Anyone involved in a violent incident should seek prompt legal advice rather than rely on general social-media guidance.

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