How Ancient Civilisations Designed Their Homes

Bronze Age communities in Mesopotamia built permanent mudbrick homes, ranging from single-room dwellings to larger houses arranged around courtyards. Excavations at Uruk and Ubaid show planned streets, shared wells and communal ovens. In Ancient Egypt, densely arranged mudbrick houses had flat roofs, reception rooms, private chambers and small work courtyards. The Indus Valley civilisation went further with fired-brick, two-storey homes, private wells, indoor bathrooms and drainage systems designed for hot weather. Minoan homes in Crete used light wells and ritual spaces, while wealthy Romans lived in courtyard-centred domus. Most Romans, however, occupied crowded multi-storey insulae that were vulnerable to fires.

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