The Science of Swimming: Buoyancy, Drag and Better Performance

Swimming works because the human body is usually slightly less dense than water. Buoyancy can vary with body fat, muscle mass, lung inflation, body position and the saltiness of the water. Water supports body weight, making swimming a low-impact exercise compared with activities such as running. However, water also creates drag. Good stroke technique helps swimmers reduce resistance, maintain a horizontal position and use less energy. Warm-up movements and strength exercises such as squats may support swimming performance. A 2022 review found that well-planned strength training can improve short- and middle-distance results, but excessive training may cause fatigue.

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