Pharaoh in Joseph’s Egypt: A Biblical Anachronism Explained

An anachronism occurs when a person, title or custom appears in the wrong historical period. In Joseph’s story (Genesis 37–50), Egypt’s ruler is called "Pharaoh," a title not used until the New Kingdom (circa 1550 BCE). Joseph’s era is usually placed in the Middle Kingdom (2000–1600 BCE). At that time, Egypt’s monarchs were not yet known by the term "Pharaoh." The Hebrew text also refers to him simply as a "king," reflecting later terminology familiar to the biblical authors. This title discrepancy likely stems from centuries of redaction. Later editors used the word that resonated with their own audience rather than matching the precise historical label. It highlights how theological and literary goals shaped the narrative.

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